Faculty Uncovered: Abortion on the poll … and within the mail

Better Boston – a area well-known for its sheer variety of faculties – can also be residence to an underground community that helps ladies get entry to abortion drugs.

Each week, a bunch together with many Boston-area faculty and medical college students meets to place collectively abortion tablet “care packages” to ship to ladies in states the place abortion is unlawful or restricted.

Whereas the founders name them “pill-packing events” the work shouldn’t be with out danger. Girls in Texas, Mississippi and different states might be prosecuted for aborting a fetus.

Faculty college students have lengthy been lively within the abortion motion, however the activism appears to be like very completely different at the moment than it did within the Nineteen Sixties. On this election season, Faculty Uncovered takes you to a “pill-packing occasion” at an undisclosed location in Better Boston and talks with faculty college students mobilizing to assist ladies get abortion remedy wherever they stay.

We additionally take a look at the re-energized anti-abortion motion within the wake of the Dobbs ruling two years in the past and listen to from a frontrunner of the “pro-life technology.”

GBH’s Andrea Asuaje, senior producer for Beneath the Radar with Callie Crossley hosts this week’s episode, taking a deep dive into the sweeping methods remedy abortion and the web have modified faculty activism round reproductive rights.

Take heed to the entire sequence

TRANSCRIPT

[Kirk] Hey, everybody, It’s Kirk Carapezza at GBH Information.

[Jon] And I’m Jon Marcus from The Hechinger Report.

Thanks for listening to a different episode of Faculty Uncovered. We’ve been diving into the politics of school this season. And this week we’re overlaying abortion.

[Kirk] So for this present, we’re handing the mic over to my colleague, senior producer Andrea Asuaje. Andrea, welcome to Faculty Uncovered.

[Andrea] Hey, Kirk. Hey, Jon. Thanks for having me. 

[Jon] Andrea, we’ll allow you to take it from right here. 

[Ambient sound] Nicely, fantastic. Thanks all a lot for coming. I believe we’re going to go forward and get began.

[Andrea] In an undisclosed location in Massachusetts, a bunch of ladies — from faculty college students of their early 20s to retirees of their mid-60s — sit round a big round desk. For the final yr, they’ve been getting collectively to take a seat and chat and snigger whereas placing collectively particular packages for recipients they don’t know and should by no means meet.

[Woman’s voice] After about six months of doing packing events, we lastly found out a system that was environment friendly. And so we’re fairly proud of our station system now.

[Andrea] It is a pill-packing occasion. An abortion pill-packing occasion.

We’re not going to inform you the place this tablet packing occasion is going down, because of security issues, however it’s in Better Boston. Over the course of two hours, they may field up greater than 300 packages of mifespristone and misoprostol, the 2 medication used to induce abortions. 

Then they mail the drugs to individuals who requested them by an internet site staffed by clinicians. The sufferers could also be from rural Mississippi or suburban Houston, Tennessee, Kentucky or Indiana. For as little as $5, they may ship the drugs to sufferers in any state, together with the place abortion is unlawful, and together with to school college students throughout the nation.

It’s dangerous work, particularly since critics say these volunteers must be prosecuted for committing against the law throughout state strains. However that doesn’t cease many of the pill-packing volunteers, like Massachusetts faculty pupil Andy, who’s initially from Texas.

[Andy] Regardless of what number of actions I’m concerned in or what’s occurring in my life, I do know what we’re doing is so impactful and important. I all the time felt very strongly about ladies’s reproductive well being. And so, I imply, that’s why I preserve doing it. I’m doing it for these ladies, for individuals who don’t have the earnings or the accessibility to abortion remedy.

[Andrea] That is Faculty Uncovered from GBH Information and The Hechinger Report, a podcast pulling again the ivy to disclose how faculties actually work and why it issues to you.

I’m Andrea Asuaje with GBH Information. Cohosts Kirk Carapezza, my colleague at GBH, and Jon Marcus on the Hechinger Report shall be again after the election with a particular episode.

There’s lots occurring on faculty campuses that issues throughout this election season. We’re exploring how deeply politicized increased training has turn out to be and the way college students, households and directors are responding.

Immediately on the present: “Abortion on the Poll … and within the Mail.

So one of many prime points that’s mobilizing faculty college students within the upcoming election is abortion. A brand new technology is speaking extra brazenly about abortion, not as a result of there’s much less disgrace or stigma round it, however as a result of current court docket rulings, together with on the highest degree, the Supreme Court docket, have made it one thing college students have to consider and plan for in a much bigger and extra private approach.

Girls of their 20s account for greater than half of abortions, or 57 %, in accordance with the CDC. Roe vs. Wade assured the fitting to an abortion for 50 years. Then in the summertime of 2022, the case Dobbs vs. Jackson Girls’s Well being Group, a.ok.a. the Dobbs choice, overturned Roe and threw the U.S. reproductive care system right into a tailspin. Two years later, with the presidential election looming, abortion is prime of thoughts for each college-age voters and the candidates.

Right here’s Kamala Harris on the marketing campaign path.

[Kamala Harris] It is a healthcare disaster. It is a healthcare disaster. And Donald Trump is the architect of this disaster. He brags about overturning Roe vs. Wade. In his personal phrases, quote, ‘I did it and I’m proud to have achieved it,’ he says.He’s proud. Proud that girls are dying. Proud that younger ladies at the moment have few extra rights than their moms and grandmothers.How dare he? 

[Andrea] Right here, in stark distinction is Donald Trump, referring to Kamala Harris and Tim Walz throughout their debate.

[Donald Trump] Her vice presidential choose says abortion within the ninth month is completely positive. He additionally says execution after beginning, it’s an execution. Now not abortion as a result of the infant is born is okay. And that’s not okay with me.

[Andrea] Clearly unfaithful, by the best way. 

Massachusetts was the primary of eight states to go legal guidelines shielding abortion suppliers from legal and civil legal responsibility, making it a protected haven for clinicians who present telehealth companies that assist sufferers entry abortions. Massachusetts, a state filled with faculties the place ladies more and more outnumber males, has turn out to be the house of a comparatively underground community that’s serving to individuals throughout the nation get abortion care.

[Angel Foster] My identify is Angel Foster. I’m the cofounder of the Massachusetts Remedy Abortion Entry Undertaking, or the MAP. And my big-girl job is that I’m a professor within the school of well being sciences on the College of Ottawa.

[Andrea] Foster studied remedy abortion for twenty years in humanitarian settings within the international South. After graduating from Harvard Medical College, she lives in each Massachusetts and Canada, utilizing what she discovered as a researcher to assist create the Massachusetts Remedy Abortion Entry Undertaking, which we’ll simply name the MAP to any extent further.

[Angel Foster] Even earlier than the Dobbs choice in 2022, we all know that entry to abortion care in components of the USA was horrible. It was arduous to entry abortion care in many of the South and loads of the Midwest. After which with Dobbs, 14 states virtually instantly banned abortion in virtually all circumstances. We now have 4 states that ban abortion at early gestational ages. Clearly, the panorama retains shifting. However suffice it to say, a couple of third of ladies of reproductive age in the USA now stay in part of the nation with a really restrictive abortion regulation. 

[Andrea] Individuals hear that they’ll get abortion drugs from the MAP by phrase of mouth on campus or on social media, like on Reddit. There’s just a few rounds of on-line screening for medical eligibility that’s reviewed by a clinician, however no video or telephone name is required. Sufferers can get approval for drugs in only a few hours. 

[Angel Foster] And the abortion seeker receives details about what to do subsequent, which is to make a cost. After which as soon as we obtain the cost, we shift the drugs from our workplace.

[Andrea] The MAP staff and volunteers are those filling the orders for drugs, and the MAP is a homespun operation. Angel jokingly calls it the Etsy of abortion, for the reason that group straddles the road between clinic and small enterprise. And for the document, the Meals and Drug Administration states that mifepristone the primary tablet in a drugs abortion, is safer than among the mostly used drugs within the nation. The speed of dying from mifepristone? 5 in 1,000,000. For penicillin, it’s 20 deaths in one million. And for Viagra, it’s 49 in one million.

The MAP, which was based in October 2023, has been serving to tons of of sufferers throughout the nation, month after month, significantly low-income individuals in locations the place abortion is very restricted or straight-up unlawful. It’s a pay-what-you-can setup for sufferers. Some get the drugs for as little as $5, despite the fact that it could possibly value as much as $250.

[Angel Foster] And what we present in our first yr was {that a} third of our sufferers paid $25 or much less. In my thoughts’s eye, I think about somebody sitting at their kitchen desk and type of counting out pennies to say, ‘How a lot do I even have?’

[Andrea] The MAP is ready to present care at these deeply discounted charges due to donors massive and small and volunteers who gladly give their time. Then there are additionally the paid staff of the MAP who preserve it operating like me.

[Maeve] You recognize, I’ve loads of, like, hopes and goals for my very own future. And I do know that if I had a baby now, that might positively get in the best way. And I believe that’s the identical approach for lots of ladies and lots of people usually.

[Andrea] Maeve is one in all three mission managers on the MAP, all of whom are native faculty college students.

[Maeve] I like youngsters. I believe they’re, you realize, a blessing to the world. However, like, while you don’t desire a youngster at the moment, you shouldn’t have a baby at the moment.

[Andrea] Her work with the MAP is straightforward. 

[Maeve] So I largely do just like the delivery. So I, like, will make the delivery labels on the USPS web site after which put them on the packages. Take the packages to the … [fades out]

[Andrea] Sure, it might appear repetitive and, nicely, type of boring to the remainder of us, however Maeve feels that her work is tremendously vital to the method.

[Maeve] I do know that with each package deal I ship out, I’m serving to somebody and I’m, like, relieving an unbelievable quantity of stress from somebody’s life and, like, it’s only one package deal to me, technically, however like, for whoever is receiving it, it’s life altering. 

[Andrea] And though she acknowledges how important the work is to MAP’s mission, there’s nonetheless a little bit area in her mind all the best way deep down within the again the place worry lies. It’s why just a few individuals in her life learn about her involvement with the MAP. 

[Maeve] I’m, to an extent, placing myself in danger by working for the MAP, despite the fact that I’ve by no means, like, technically achieved something unlawful. And, like, all the pieces we do is authorized. Lots of people should not comfortable about it.

[Andrea] That sense of worry of potential repercussions isn’t paranoia. Regardless of Massachusetts being a shield-law state. Whereas Angel, the founding father of the MAP, says its technique is authorized, it additionally hasn’t been examined within the court docket system.

Then there’s the truth that 30 years in the past, Brookline, Massachusetts, was the positioning of horrific assaults by John Salvi, who was fueled by anti-abortion sentiment. Salvi opened fireplace in a Deliberate Parenthood after which at a second clinic that carried out abortions, killing two ladies and wounding 5 individuals. It’s the explanation we’re conserving particular particulars about Maeve and the MAP personal, as a result of the work is dangerous. And that’s very true for individuals who aren’t from shield-law states. That features individuals like Andy, the scholar you heard from earlier. 

[Andy] Going again to Texas, it jogs my memory how essential this work is, since you can’t get an abortion in Texas, which is terrifying. And a 3rd of our sufferers are from Texas, truly, or near a 3rd. So the place I’m from, we are actually serving to so many ladies. Even, like, I’ve despatched packages to anyone in my neighborhood, which is insane to me.

[Andrea] You heard her proper. She despatched packages to somebody in her outdated neighborhood, the place her dad and mom stay.

[Andy] You recognize, I used to be sitting in my chair my laptop on this workplace, and I used to be simply bowled over by the gravity of the state of affairs and what I used to be doing and the truth that it has reached actually to my hometown — like, in my neighborhood. And realizing that there are such a lot of ladies on the market who want our assist. 

[Andrea] The gravity of the state of affairs is a light approach of placing it, while you take a look at how Texas has legally handled individuals looking for or someway getting an abortion for the reason that fall of Roe. In Texas two years in the past, a 26-year-old lady who took remedy for an undesirable being pregnant was charged with homicide. The cost was finally dropped, however now the girl is suing the district lawyer for $1 million in damages.

These volunteers and staff with the MAP will most likely by no means truly meet the individuals they’re serving to. However mission supervisor and Massachusetts faculty pupil Avery mentioned they nonetheless really feel linked to each affected person who wants their assist.

[Avery] I believe I got here again from, like, a break of some kind from faculty and I got here again to the workplace and our boss had been right here and she or he put up — Angel — she had put up a bunch of various, like, playing cards. We’d been despatched simply playing cards — like, individuals thanking us time and again. And I keep in mind coming in and being like, ‘My gosh.’ 

[Andrea] Avery, who’s initially from Pennsylvania, says dwelling in Massachusetts means dwelling in a spot the place most individuals her age in her courses and her good friend group pals of pals, pals of pals of pals, most of them help abortion rights. 

[Avery] I believe part of that is acknowledging that we do stay on this blue bubble. And I believe this work reveals us that, like, what we imagine, what the individuals in our geographic proximity imagine, shouldn’t be what the remainder of the nation believes.

[Andrea] Maeve and Andy and Avery spend hours working with the MAP every week, serving to to maintain it operating whereas taking full course masses in faculty and being concerned with varied extracurricular actions. They usually’re doing it with just a few family members truly figuring out they’re part of this community. It’s loads of work.

[Avery] When the work will get anxious and the work will get arduous, it’s, like, corny, however, like, I type of simply need to cease for a second and, like, take into consideration, yeah, I’m clicking loads of buttons and I’m operating containers to the put up workplace. However that is going to have an actual impact and it’s going to learn so many ladies’s lives. And that is one thing that I must be grateful that I get the privilege to do day-after-day.

[Andrea] Massachusetts has a novel position as a protected haven the place individuals can come to get an abortion or abortion companies or entry docs and get assist remotely. And faculty college students are lively within the effort, if not main it.

However the Dobbs ruling has additionally re-energized anti-abortion activists on campuses. 

[Kristan Hawkins] Thanks all for coming to tonight’s occasion. My identify is Sam Delmar. I’m the president of the Harvard Regulation College students for Life. And it’s my honor to introduce Kristan Hawkins.

[Andrea] Kristan Hawkins is the president of College students for Lifetime of America, which has turn out to be the biggest anti-abortion youth group on this planet beneath her management. The group says it has almost 1,500 campus pupil teams devoted to the anti-abortion trigger, up from just a few dozen 20 years in the past. And Harvard is only one of her stops on a multi-year faculty talking tour.

[Kristan Hawkins] I ready a little bit with one thing as a result of, you realize, I’m at Harvard Regulation and also you all are likely to remind one another and others that you simply go to Harvard. So I used to be, like, I bought to step up my recreation a little bit bit. I’m a bumpkin from West Virginia. I did wish to go to regulation faculty till I met a bunch of attorneys. No offense. 

[Andrea] Hawkins says she likes to argue and located her calling as an anti-abortion activist. She calls herself a Christian spouse, mom and chief of the post-Roe technology, and she or he calls her web site unapologetically pro-life. Hawkins tells the group that she had an abortion when she was 20 and suffered emotionally from it for many years consequently.

[Kristan Hawkins] I had an abortion. Abortion didn’t resolve the issue I believed it was going to unravel. It stored me in abusive relationship. It harm my physique. It’s made me infertile. I’ve been affected by abortion for many years emotionally, due to that call I made once I was 20 years outdated. 

[Andrea] In her speech, Hawkins echoed the chorus of the anti-abortion motion round what she calls pure rights.

[Kristan Hawkins] Each single abortion is killing, ending the lifetime of a novel complete dwelling human being that by no means existed earlier than and can by no means exist once more. We within the pro-life motion see all human beings as equally helpful, deserving, on the very minimal, of these pure rights of the fitting to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. Subsequently, abortion is fallacious.

[Andrea] However largely, Hawkins encourages viewers members who favor abortion rights to ask questions first. She usually posts her exchanges together with her opponents on TikTok, the place she has 134,000 followers.

We reached out to Kristan Hawkins for an interview when she was in Boston, however we didn’t hear again from her scheduler.

If Hawkins got here prepared for a debate, that’s most likely as a result of surveys present that the majority ladies with some faculty training or a level help abortion rights beneath most circumstances. Pew Analysis Middle discovered that quantity is round 75 %.

In all, about 70 individuals attended Hawkins’s occasion at Harvard. However there weren’t protests or open debate, solely respectful applause and well mannered disagreement.

Current polls have proven that college students are more and more ruling out faculties in states the place they disagree with the state’s legal guidelines round abortion and reproductive rights.

[Harper Brannock] I’ve seen within the South rising anti-abortion rhetoric, violence in opposition to ladies who’re looking for well being care. And I do know individuals who have been shunned from their communities as a result of they’d a medically essential abortion.

[Andrea] That’s Harper Brannock. She’s 21 and a junior from Huntsville, Alabama. She spoke to us at a current Boston College occasion, a drag bingo evening held to boost cash for an abortion fund in Brannock’s residence state of Alabama. Abortions are unlawful, besides in instances the place the lifetime of the mom is at stake. And that’s one of many causes Harper determined to attend a university in Massachusetts.

[Harper Brannock] I felt that it was simply actually vital to me to return to a spot the place if one thing occurs to me, even sexual assault or one thing fully consensual and I simply couldn’t have the kid, I actually really feel prefer it’s vital that I can have protected entry to well being care. 

[Andrea] We have been curious if these sentiments have been shared by college students who go to high schools with non secular affiliations. So we despatched our group out to Boston Faculty, a Jesuit faculty, to speak to ladies on campus in regards to the challenge. Like different Catholic universities, the faculty well being middle doesn’t distribute contraception or refer ladies for abortions.

Right here’s what a few of these college students needed to say.

[Student 1] I type of stayed away from, like, the southern colleges, additionally as a result of I actually identical to New England and I just like the vibes, however excited about like, how protected I really feel as a girl and like how my selection is valued was, like, essential.

[Student 2] I believe it’s telling that we’ve a pro-life membership on campus, and simply seeing it at, like, the membership honest or issues like that, particularly my first yr final yr, was very stunning. And I didn’t actually know methods to course of it. And at first after they got here as much as and have been, like, ‘Do you wish to know extra in regards to the pro-life membership?’ I used to be, like, ‘No, probably not.’

[Andrea] The scholars all agreed to talk to us with out utilizing their names because of privateness issues. One BC sophomore informed us that, sure, BC is a extra conservative faculty identified for its lecturers, however she’s made up her thoughts on who she’s going to solid her vote for on Nov. 5. And that’s Vice President Kamala Harris. 

[Student 3] Sure, 100%. I imply, simply as a younger lady usually, I don’t assume I might really feel protected voting for anyone who didn’t wish to guarantee my rights to my very own physique. So, yeah.

[Andrea] So the abortion motion has been underway for nearly two centuries, going all the best way again to federal laws round contraceptives within the mid-1800s and actually heating up within the Nineteen Sixties when the FDA permitted the tablet.

In some ways, the pill-packing events and the MAP are the trendy incarnation of the Jane Collective, an underground group in Chicago within the Nineteen Sixties and ’70s that helped ladies get abortions within the days earlier than Roe. The Janes, the nameless ladies behind the collective, have been largely faculty college students and ladies of their 20s. And the collective itself was based by then 19-year-old College of Chicago faculty pupil Heather Sales space. The Janes finally began performing abortions themselves, and by the point Roe handed in 1973, the Janes had organized or carried out greater than 11,000 abortions.

The abortion motion amongst faculty college students at the moment could be very completely different than it was even a technology in the past. The dad and mom of school college students listening to this podcast won’t be in any respect shocked to listen to this. There have been no pill-packing events within the ’80s, when the earlier technology was faculty age. Mifespristone and misoprostol weren’t permitted to be used within the U.S. till 2000. The appearance of remedy abortion modified the panorama completely.

And the web wasn’t accessible to most individuals, in contrast to at the moment, when organizing and discovering entry to abortion care or remedy is completed predominantly on-line and on social media.

[Loretta Ross] What is going on is that they’re typically not becoming a member of the legacy feminist organizations, and so they’re growing their very own methods of being lively in accordance with the circumstances that they’re coping with.

[Andrea] That is Loretta J. Ross, the famend human rights activist who’s now a professor at Smith Faculty. Ross was once an organizer for NOW, the Nationwide Group for Girls, and helped arrange the ladies’s marches in Washington, D.C., in the course of the Reagan period. These marches drew large crowds of supporters in contrast to ever earlier than. And that was earlier than Trump was elected in 2016.

[Loretta Ross] The Girls’s March, the pink pussy march, blew all of our earlier numbers away in 2017. After that, hastily, the abortion funds began exploding. We felt like Cassandras within the reproductive justice motion, all the time pointed on the sky was falling after which it fell down. So I don’t doubt that younger ladies care about these points.

[Andrea] After her work with NOW, Ross went on to turn out to be a founding member of SisterSong Girls of Coloration Reproductive Justice Collective in Atlanta.

[Loretta Ross] I’d argue in a single sense that Black ladies have been much more within the politics of fertility management even. Man, even [than] white ladies, as a result of since we have been kidnapped right here and introduced right here as slaves and compelled to breed for revenue, bodily autonomy has all the time been entrance and middle for Black ladies, lengthy earlier than the Seneca Falls Declaration, and so on., and so on.. And so we’ve had a constant demand for bodily autonomy.

[Andrea] Ross, who was sexually assaulted twice in her youth, says a few of her earliest work studied the position faith performed in ladies’s views on abortion and reproductive rights.

[Loretta Ross] There was not solely a reluctance within the Black church to speak about copy. There was a reluctance to speak about intercourse due to AIDS. And so it’s like an ideal storm of disgrace was created round Black ladies’s intercourse, sexuality and copy. And but, as I mentioned, the rhetoric doesn’t match the info, as a result of nonetheless shameful they really feel about it, they nonetheless get one third of the abortions on this nation.

[Andrea] And Ross makes the purpose that many first girls, together with most lately Melania Trump in her new autobiography, expressed help for the concept ladies ought to make their very own choices about their our bodies. Ross additionally believes the Republican Occasion is extra dedicated to utilizing abortion as a political soccer than caring about precise abortion bans. And that goes for Republicans from former President Ronald Reagan all the best way to Donald Trump.

[Loretta Ross] Nicely, it’s all the time been a multi-front battle. So that you battle within the courts, you battle within the legislature, you battle within the streets, and then you definitely middle your potential to offer companies to essentially the most susceptible. I imply, that is what we’ve all the time needed to do. And I believe that’s what this new technology of individuals is doing.

[Ambient sound]

[Andrea] At tonight’s pill-packing occasion, everybody takes turns at every station, whether or not it’s folding containers, packing drugs or inserting instructions on the massive round desk. Avery is double-checking containers on the finish of the road.

Medical pupil Rasa places bottles of misoprostol into every field. She retains coming again as a result of she says this is a vital a part of her coaching as a future OB-GYN.

[Rasa] I believe it’s among the most vital work that I do as a med pupil. That is, like, the final word dream of how can I assist individuals who my hand can’t attain?

[Andrea] After which there’s Cheryl Hamlin, a doctor who carried out abortions within the South, together with in Jackson Girls’s Well being — sure, of Dobbs vs. Jackson Girls’s Well being — in Mississippi. She’s the primary cease on the desk folding containers.

Cheryl could also be retired, however that’s not stopping her from doing the work. 

[Cheryl Hamlin] I do assume some youthful individuals, particularly in Massachusetts, don’t completely perceive how dangerous it’s elsewhere. And, you realize, I type of really feel prefer it’s my responsibility to no matter I can do to maintain individuals knowledgeable. And if there’s a gap to make a distinction, whether or not it’s, you realize, supporting a clinic or no matter, then I ought to try this.

[Andrea] The group meets weekly now to eat pizza, sip soda and wine and commiserate. The ultimate contact added to every package deal on the finish of the road is a handwritten observe. The ladies take turns writing them. It’s nurse practitioner Erin’s favourite job.

[Erin] I all the time like to jot down the notes that we want you one of the best, as a result of I really feel that I’m placing a little bit little bit of myself into that field to actually inform them that is arduous and we’re supporting you and we’re wishing you one of the best.

[Andrea] The group mailed its 5,000th package deal this month.

That is Faculty Uncovered, from GBH Information and The Hechinger Report. I’m Andrea Asuaje.

We’d love to listen to from you. Ship us an e-mail to GBHNewsConnect@WGBH.org, or go away us a voicemail at 617-300-2486, and inform us what you assume.

This episode was produced and written by me, Andrea Asuaje, and Meg Woolhouse, with reporting assist from Diane Adame and Harriet Gaye.

It was edited by Jeff Keating.

Supervising editor is Meg Woolhouse.

Ellen London is government producer

Mixing and sound design by David Goodman and Gary Mott.

Theme music and authentic music by Left Roman.

Mei He’s our mission supervisor, and head of GBH podcasts is Devin Maverick Robins

Faculty Uncovered is a manufacturing of GBH Information and The Hechinger Report and is distributed by PRX.

It’s made potential by Lumina Basis.

Thanks for listening.